When the 10th National Assembly convened in June 2023, the political composition of the House of Representatives mirrored the fiercely contested general elections earlier that year. It ushered in a multiparty legislature where the All Progressives Congress (APC) retained majority control, while emerging parties like the Labour Party (LP) and the New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) gained notable ground—signaling voters’ desire for broader political representation.
Nearly two and a half years later, defections, judicial verdicts, and bye-elections have significantly altered that initial balance. Although the APC maintains a dominant presence, opposition parties continue to assert themselves in debates, oversight, and legislative engagements.
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Trends and Dynamics Since Inception
APC’s Consolidated Control
At the inauguration in June 2023, the APC held 178 seats—short of a two-thirds majority. However, through political realignments, court judgments, and a series of high-profile defections, the ruling party has expanded its dominance to 232 seats. This strong majority now gives the APC overwhelming control of the House and ensures smoother coordination with the executive arm of government.
PDP’s Waning Influence
The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), which began the 10th Assembly with 118 seats, now holds just 83. Internal rifts, leadership struggles, and continuous defections to the APC have greatly diminished its strength.
Despite these challenges, the PDP remains the main opposition party, frequently taking firm positions on issues such as national security, fiscal management, and governance. Its relevance now depends largely on its ability to collaborate strategically with smaller parties to influence legislative outcomes.
LP and NNPP: Promise and Setbacks
The Labour Party (LP) and New Nigeria Peoples Party (NNPP) entered the House as the faces of a new political wave, inspired largely by youth engagement and regional support during the 2023 elections. Initially, LP won 34 seats while NNPP secured 19, positioning both as fresh voices for reform, inclusion, and regional advocacy.
However, subsequent legal battles and internal party crises have weakened their representation to 22 and 15 seats, respectively. Even so, both parties retain symbolic importance, especially in championing causes like electoral reform, youth empowerment, and equitable governance.
Minor Parties and Nigeria’s Political Pluralism
Smaller parties—such as APGA, SDP, ADC, and YPP—collectively occupy less than 3% of the House. While their influence on legislation is minimal, they add to Nigeria’s growing pluralism and occasionally serve as swing votes during critical decisions. Their strength remains largely localized, reflecting specific regional loyalties rather than nationwide influence.
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Legislative Implications and Outlook
The APC’s commanding majority has provided legislative stability and ensured alignment with the executive’s agenda. However, it also raises concerns about weakened checks and balances in the democratic process.
On the other hand, opposition lawmakers, though fragmented, continue to push for accountability, scrutinize national budgets, and challenge executive overreach. Their ability to build alliances across party lines will determine how effectively they can influence future legislative directions.
Overall, the evolving composition of the House underscores the fluid nature of Nigeria’s political landscape—where defections, court rulings, and strategic alignments continuously reshape party strength and legislative dynamics.
