Africa’s deepening insecurity dominated discussions at the 39th African Union (AU) Heads of State Summit held on February 14, 2026, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Despite acknowledging the severity of conflicts across the continent, the summit ended without declaring any emergency measures, leaving many observers concerned that the response did not match the scale of the crisis.
At the centre of the AU’s conflict-resolution framework is the Peace and Security Council (PSC), which is tasked with preventing, managing, and resolving conflicts. The council also serves as the continent’s collective security and early warning body, designed to enable timely and effective responses to crises.
However, concerns have been raised about whether the PSC’s composition allows it to function effectively. Morocco, one of its members, has remained in prolonged disputes with Algeria and Western Sahara for decades. Relations with Mauritania have also been strained since 1979, when Mauritania withdrew from the joint occupation of Saharawi territories. These tensions have contributed to the paralysis of the Arab Maghreb Union, which includes Morocco, Algeria, Western Sahara, Tunisia, and Libya. The regional body, established to promote integration and peace, last held a full summit in April 1994. In recent years, some member states have considered forming a new regional organisation that would exclude Morocco.
Morocco had previously withdrawn from the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the AU’s predecessor, for over three decades following disagreements over Western Sahara’s status. Its eventual return and inclusion in the PSC have continued to generate debate among critics who question its suitability for a key peacekeeping role.
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), another PSC member, has also faced persistent instability since gaining independence in 1960. Armed conflicts continue in several regions, with rebel groups reportedly receiving support from neighbouring countries. Somalia, also on the council, has struggled with internal conflict for decades and remains divided among various factions.
Somalia’s breakaway region of Somaliland has added another layer of tension. Although it declared independence more than 30 years ago, it has received limited international recognition. Recent developments involving foreign interest in Somaliland, including port and coastal access agreements, have heightened geopolitical competition in the region.
Beyond questions about membership, the AU has also faced criticism over its ability to enforce its own decisions. While the organisation formally rejects unconstitutional changes of government, coup leaders have often avoided meaningful consequences. Critics say this has weakened the AU’s credibility and deterrent capacity.
Peace and security, integration, sustainable development, and Africa’s global voice were key agenda items at the February 2026 summit. However, ongoing crises across the continent highlight the scale of the challenge.
In South Sudan, the fragile peace agreement remains under pressure, with opposition leader and former Vice President Riek Machar reportedly detained. South African President Cyril Ramaphosa used the summit to urge South Sudanese leaders to implement a ceasefire and begin inclusive dialogue aimed at holding credible elections and ending the prolonged transition.
Meanwhile, Sudan continues to face a devastating conflict that began in April 2023 between the military government and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces. The violence has resulted in significant humanitarian suffering and instability.
Observers say these crises have exposed the AU’s limited ability to enforce peace agreements or compel compliance among member states.
The summit also highlighted broader concerns about Africa’s position in global politics and the need for stronger leadership and unity to address internal and external pressures.
While some member states have celebrated new roles in continental institutions, critics argue that symbolic achievements must be matched with concrete efforts to resolve conflicts and restore stability.
As insecurity continues to threaten lives, development, and democratic progress across Africa, many believe the AU faces an urgent test of its capacity to act decisively and restore confidence in its mission to promote peace and unity on the continent.
AU Summit Raises Alarm Over Rising Insecurity but Falls Short on Decisive Action
